COMPARISONS OF THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS AND SUSPENSIONS

COMPARISONS OF THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS AND SUSPENSIONS

Property	Solutions	Colloids	Suspensions
Phase	Homogeneous	Heterogeneous but appear homogeneous to the naked eye	Heterogeneous
Particle Size	Less than 1nm	1 to 100 nm	More than 100 nm
Appearance	Clear	Cloudy	Cloudy
Separation	Does not separate	Does not separate	Separates or settles
Scattering of Light (Tyndall Effect)	Does not Scatter	Scatters Light (Tyndall Effect)	Does not Scatter
Filterability	Cannot be Filtered	Cannot be Filtered	Can be Filtered
Examples	Salt solution, Air, vinegar, carbonated drinks *Alloys Bronze (copper and tin) Brass (copper and zinc) Steel (carbon and iron)	Cooked Starch, Smoke, fog, milk, chocolate, clouds, paint, gelatin, foam, marshmallow	Muddy water, Sand in water, arroz caldo

COMPARISONS AMONG SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

COMPARISONS AMONG SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

Property	Solids	Liquids	Gases
Density	Higher	High	Low
Dense and Volume	Fixed	Has fixed volume (fills container); no fixed shaper	Fills container; no fixed shape and volume
Solubility	Very Slow	Slower than gases	Readily
Diffusion	Very Slow	Slower than gases	Easily
Motion	Very little	Freely	Very freely
Particle arrangement	Closely packed	Not widely separated	Widely separated
Compressibility	Extremely difficult	Difficult	Easily

Examples, Uses and Occurrence of Esters

Examples of Esters, their Occurrence, Production and Uses

a) Methyl Salicylate (or Oil of Wintergreen) has the chemical formula C8H8O3. It is prepared mostly by esterification of salicylic acid with methanol and is present naturally in the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens and in the bark of Betula lenta. Methyl Salicylate is used in perfumery and for flavouring sweets, as well as a therapeutic use as a counter-irritant.

b) Ethyl Acetate (or Acetic Acid Ethyl Ester, or Vinegar Naphtha) has the chemical formula C4H8O2, and is obtained by slow distillation of a mixture of acetic acid, ethyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its uses are varied, and include a pharmaceutical aid (flavour); artificial fruit essences; solvent for nitrocellulose, varnishes, lacquers and aeroplane dopes; cleaning textiles, and more!

c) Ethyle Acrylate (or Acrylic Acid Ethyl Ester) has the chemical formula C5H8O2, and is prepared from ethylene chlorohydrin or acrylonitrile, ethanol, and sulfuric acid; also by an oxo reaction from acetylene, carbon monoxide and ethanol in the presence of suitable catalysts. Ethyl Acrylate is used as a monomer in the manufacture of water emulsion paint vehicles, in the production of emulsion-based polymers used in textile and paper coatings, leather finish resins and adhesives, and imparts flexibility to hard films.

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